CHAPTER
1
INDRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of
Tourism
In
general , the definition of " tourism " is a
journey undertaken by a person (tourists ) to visit tourist attractions in the
area were visited with the intent and purpose to get satisfaction and pleasure
are temporary . However , with the development of Tourism Studies , Tourism can
have some much sense in human thought . Not only as a journey , but it can be
said a tourism business that can be managed by the tourism industry . Aside
from the above understanding , the following is the opinion of some experts on
the definition of tourism " tourism " , as follows :
1 . The
Law No.9 of 1990
Ø
Tourism
is an activity trip or part of an activity that is voluntary and temporary
objects and to enjoy tourist attraction .
2 . Prof
. One Wahab in his book entitled " An Introduction On Tourist Theoraphy
" ( in Yoeti : 1996 : 116 ) ( in Kesrul : 2003)
Ø Explaining
that Tourism is a human activity conscious that get service alternately among
the people in the country itself or abroad include the standing of people from
other areas for a while to find satisfaction in a diverse and differs from what
is experienced in a job where he remains .
3 .
According to Hornby in a book called " Operation Travel Operations "
( in M. Kesrul , SE , MBA , 2003:3 )
Ø
"
Tour is a journey in the which short stays are made at a number of places ,
and finally the traveler returns to his or her own place."
Tourism
is a journey where a person on his way while stopped at a few places and
finally returned to the place of origin , which is where he began his journey .
4 .
" World Tourist Organizer " ( WTO , in Richard & Flicker , 2004:6
) ( in Kesrul : 2003)
Ø
"
The activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure , business
, and other purpose . "
That
is some notion of " tourism " put forward by some experts Tourism
Sciences . With some sense , the authors can conclude that Tourism is an
activity of a person as a tourist / travelers traveling to and staying in
places outside their homes daily for a period of not more than 12 months for a
variety of leisure activities , business , religion , and reason other personal
but do not get a salary / wage of the trip .
Tourism
is not only said to be a science that has the sense of a journey , but also
Tourism has a wider sense . Where terms are not the main basis of the
definition of Tourism Science that originated from a journey . Rather, both for
understanding the Tourism Sciences . Here is a second sense of Tourism Studies
, namely :
1 .
Tourism is a " movement " .
2 .
Tourism is a " Business " .
1.2 Type of Tourism
1 .
Holiday ( Characteristically Direct )
Ø
Where
a tourist / traveler to travel is definitely the main vacation destination to
enjoy attractions visited tourist destination areas to relieve fatigue of routine
living.
2 .
Visited Tired Of relativities ( # 2 and so on are not Direct )
Ø
Where
a person is no need to visit an ailing family or longing with the family . Then
, only then such a person to travel .
3 .
Buisness ( Business )
Ø
Where
a person visiting the region / country to another 1 to 2 days for business
dealings with kleinnya work . Once the work is completed then he will travel in
the area he visited.
4 . MICE
( Meeting Intencive Convention Exadition )
Ø
Where
some entrepreneurs gathered in a tourist area to conduct project meetings .
Once their business is finished , then they will travel in the tourist areas .
5 .
Healthy ( Health )
Ø
Where
a person is experiencing pain in the area will be treated / Other countries
that are already recommended by the country / region of origin . After doing
the treatment and care , then he could do a tour in the countries / regions he
visited.
6 .
Sport ( Sport )
Ø
Where
a person to follow a tournament race in sport activities in other countries that
hosted the event pelombaan . After the race was finished , he had the
opportunity to tour the area / country he visited.
7 .
Pilgrimage
Ø
Where
a person to worship or visit the tomb of an influential person in his beliefs .
After he did the worship and pilgrimage , he will continue with activities
traveled in the area he visited.
8 .
Studies ( School )
Ø
Where
a person who gets a scholarship or who really want to go to college or school
in another country . Thus , the They will settle for a few years . And they
also can enjoy the attractions tourist destination areas where their college or
school .
CHAPTER 2
2.2 Impact of Positive and Negative Development of Tourism
Industry
Just like an industry , an industry has
certainly understand the pros and cons in an industry that is developed . Such
as the tourism industry is currently discussed by the author in this chapter ,
has a positive and a negative impact for the community and the other for the development
of tourism . Here the authors attempt to elucidate some of the effects that can
be generated from the tourism industry .
2.2.1 Positive Impact of Tourism Industry
According to the World Travel Organitation
( WTO ) ( 1980; 9-12 ) ( in Pitana & Diarta : 2009) , revealed the positive
impact of tourism , which is as follows :
1 . Increased demand for local agricultural products .
2 . Encourage the development of location or land that is less
productive .
3 . Stimulate interest in and demand for exotic products and
typical for the region / country .
4 . Increase the number of and demand for fishery products .
5 . Encourage the development of the region and the creation of
new economic zones .
6 . Avoiding concentration of population and the spread of
economic activity .
7 . Spread infrastructure to remote areas .
8 . Management resource management as a source of revenue for
local authorities .
2.2.2 Negative Impacts of Tourism Industry
According to WTO (1980 : 9-12 ) ( in
Pitana & Diarta : 2009) , the negative impacts of tourism are as follows :
1 . Scarcity will be a source of food .
2 . Incompatibility of local products to the market demand of
tourism .
3 . Scarcity of energy resources and increasing management costs .
Influence Tourism Community
Just as a concept or a science , tourism
certainly has properties that can influence the attitudes and behavior of local
communities or regions that are in tourist destination areas . Therefore , the
authors describe the effect of the object aimed at travelers who may pose a
different influence on the behavior of the local people accept the arrival of a
traveler , as follows :
1 . Euphoria
Ø That is the nature of where people are
excited about the development of tourism in the region . And also tourist
arrivals due to the carrier fortune for those in the tourist destination areas
.
2 . Apathy
Ø That is where the nature of the bad
influences ranging from the development of tourism and tourist behavior that
could lead to a lifestyle that does not conform to the customs of the local
community .
3 . Imitation
Ø That is the nature in which the traveler
is getting bad influence selfish and indifferent to the environment . And the
loss of local culture in the area make the local community feel upset over
tourist arrivals .
4 . Antagonism
Ø That is the nature of which had not
concerned with the arrival of tourists , because it could threaten their local
culture . So , they do not want to hang out and feel right towards tourists
come.
CHAPTER
3
CONCLUSION
What
is the fundamental weakness of the Indonesian tourism at this time ?
v
First
, the weaknesses at the level of the image or image . Indonesian depicted as a
country or region that is not safe , fluctuations uncertain political , social
and chaotic imagery that is considered prolonged .
That
image does not depict the actual situation of Indonesia , but the chaotic image
in mind the international tourism community . Warning trips ( travel warning )
of the U.S. that lasted for years - despite a few days ago has been revoked -
inhibiting returns the image of Indonesia to be a safe destination .
Therefore , the
lifting of travel warnings by the U.S. government recently can be used as
capital to go in that direction .
Evasive and change
the image it is not easy , but it can be done with high imaging systems and
programs with the involvement of the state in which the highest level of state
leadership and support a great resource . Without such collective action ,
Indonesian imaging will still be problematic making it difficult for tourists
to choose Indonesia as a tourist destination in the order above .
v
Second
, elements of the promotion and marketing of tourism in Indonesia is weak
because it stuck with bureaucracy that limited motion . Indonesian bureaucratic
culture is difficult to change and evolve programs to bring dynamic
international missions with complex challenges .
Indonesian
bureaucracy can move dynamically if there is a strong leader in the department
concerned . It is a fundamental weakness of our promotion for this because the
system is not running dynamic , spontaneous , and automatic .
Therefore , the way
to improve the promotion and marketing functions must be reformed to involve
dynamic elements outside the bureaucracy , especially the private sector and
other stakeholders are closely associated with the tourism . The idea of
promotion agencies is one way to reform the system of promotion and marketing
of tourism in Indonesia in order to escape from the trap of stagnation reliance
on complex bureaucracy. Aspects of tourism planning is inadequate and the
ability to anticipate opportunities and challenges ahead further than expected
. As a result , the existing tourism activities is what it is .
Only
heritage tourist attraction than it already is , there is not even sufficient
for the development of both the attractiveness maintained . Not a few tourist
attraction declining , extinct , and go away because there is not sufficient
business to keep it . In fact , most naive , awareness to preserve the tourist
attraction as well not exist at all , either from the government or the central
government .
v
Third
, a fundamental weakness in the Indonesian bureaucracy is nothing but the
weakness in the system of coordination . In the current government , many
cross-sectoral policies that abandoned due to bureaucratic problems . 17
related to the tourism sector in the affairs of other sectors or departments
that are not easy in the coordination system . Characteristics of bureaucracy
in Indonesia is negative exclusivity inherent in the act and their work in
running public services .
If you want to tackle
the problem, we need to establish a system of coordination at a high level ,
the Act required that the sector provide strong support for policies and
programs to achieve the goals and objectives of tourism . Coordination is
raised above the level of the minister that there is effective coordination
authority to resolve the problems that exist .
v
Fourth
, the weakness of the Indonesian tourism is also located on the system design
and implementation in the field . Bureaucracy complicated by the various
sectors are many and varied with uncertain priority .
In
such circumstances , the tourism sector which is associated with many difficult
coordinated . At least 17 affairs or related to the tourism sector is a
pleasure for the bureaucratic hassle that weaken the system of planning ahead .
Institutional coordination
becomes scarce and very important to run as a system , to be executed by the
relevant departments . Governing coordination , it turns out , it can not be
effective at the level of ministers and should be raised to the level of
president or vice president .
